Resistance training (RT) is a key intervention for healthy living with known benefits in reducing metabolic risk factors and in maintaining muscle mass.1 MicroRNAs (miRNAS) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally,2 and they may play an important role in inter-individual body composition changes following exercise. The purpose of this scoping review is to integrate the current literature on miRNA expression patterns following an exercise intervention. We conducted a comprehensive search across Pubmed, OVID Medline and Embase resulting in 3050 initial records. Eligible studies included a resistance training intervention in a healthy human population including obese and lean individuals. A structured screening process was applied to 1582 studies. 31 studies were included in the final selection. Of these, 18 studies with a resistance training component were included. The current literature identifies several miRNAs which are correlated with markers of body composition (miR-22-5p, miR-505-3p, miR-101-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-362-3p, miR-378), however their inconsistent modulation suggests that their role may be more complex and context-dependent. Limitations of this review include the variations in methodology across studies including variations in training intervention (resistance only vs combined resistance, aerobic), sampled tissue type (e.g. blood, muscle) and number of miRNAs examined. Therefore, further research is necessary to clarify the mechanisms by which these miRNAs contribute to measurable changes to body composition and how they can be utilised as biomarkers for fitness profiles or targeted intervention.